What are Knowledge Graphs in LLMs?

Integration Of Knowledge Graphs in LLMs: A Comprehensive Study

As AI continues to evolve, Large Language Processing has made significant improvements with its sophisticated tools. Another such trending technology is Knowledge Graphs (KG). Knowledge Graphs in LLMs are known for their sophisticated analysis, structured representation, and semantic querying, Knowledge Graphs (GC) work in tandem with Large Language Models (LLMs) to increase Generative AI intelligence and output accuracy and robustness. When Knowledge Graphs in LLMs are integrated into the Knowledge graph, this enhances the models' capabilities such as contextual understanding, the ability to generate results based on real-world applications, and the reasoning power of data. This helps to answer complex problems with more accuracy.  This article delves into the concept of knowledge graphs and the integration of knowledge graphs in LLMs (Large Language Models).

Understanding Knowledge Graph

Knowledge Graphs are the primary advancement in data structure particularly for improving Large Language Models (LLMs) features. These graphs organize data in the format of a graph involving entities (like people, places, and things) as nodes and the relationship as edges. The origins of Knowledge Graphs can be traced back to a field of artificial intelligence known as knowledge representation.

One of the most common ways to add a semantic layer to a knowledge graph is to add an ontology. An ontology describes the type of entities and the relationships between them. By adding an ontology to a knowledge graph, it ensures that the content of the knowledge graph is always explained consistently. An ontology provides essential information about the content of a knowledge graph, making it easier to understand to users

Ontologies are the foundation of knowledge graph formal semantics. Ontologies can be thought of as the data structure of a knowledge graph. An ontology is a formal agreement between the knowledge graph developers and its users about the meaning of data in the knowledge graph. A user may be another person or a software program that wants to understand the information in the knowledge graph consistently and accurately. An ontology guarantees a common understanding of the information and its meaning.

LLMs make it easy to extract information from knowledge graphs. It makes it easy to access complex data for various uses without the need for a data specialist. Now, anyone can ask questions directly and get summaries without having to search databases through a traditional programming language. Large Language Model (LLM) like ChatGPT or GPT4 are making a name for themselves in natural language processing and AI because of their emergent capabilities and generalizable nature. However, LLM is a black-box model, which often fails to capture and access factual knowledge. On the other hand, Knowledge Graph (KG) like Wikipedia or Huapu is a structured knowledge model that explicitly stores rich factual knowledge. Knowledge Graphs can improve LLM by providing outside knowledge for inference and interpretation. However, KGs are hard to construct and evolve by nature, which makes it challenging for existing methods in KG to generate new facts to represent unseen knowledge. It makes sense to unify LLM and KG together and leverage their advantages at the same time.

Knowledge graphs provide a dependable basis for LLMs due to their capacity to represent both unstructured and structured data, as opposed to vector databases. This method of retrieval augmented generation is known as RAG, and is commonly used for knowledge-heavy NLP workflows. The LLM extracts relevant information from a knowledge graph using vectors and semantic search, and then amplifies the response with contextual data in that knowledge graph. RAG LLM generates more accurate, relevant, and contextual output, while avoiding false information. This is known as LLM hallucination.

Best Practices of Integrating Knowledge Graphs into LLMs

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Integrating Knowledge graphs into Training Objective

During pre-training, the integration of KG data into the training objective provides the LLM with structured, fact-based knowledge to improve understanding and generate capabilities. The process of embedding KG data – entities, relationships, attributes – directly into the training objective leverages changes to loss function, architectural changes, and novel training approaches. This allows the LLM to leverage both rich textual data on which they have traditionally been trained, as well as the structured knowledge derived from KGs to improve predictive accuracy and deep understanding. The goal of this strategic approach is to reconcile the vast amount of unstructured data processed by the LLM with the exact, structured knowledge stored within KGs.

Integrating KGs into LLM Inputs

The purpose of incorporating KGs into an LLM input is to give the model direct access to the relevant knowledge during the training and inference phase. This is done by embedding the KG information (entity, relationship, and attributes) into the text input that the LLM processes. The aim is to allow the model to use the structured knowledge to enhance its performance when performing tasks that require a deep understanding of facts, relationships and context in the real world. By directly incorporating KG information into an LLM's input data, the LLM's understanding of text increases significantly. This helps the LLM to understand entities, concepts and relationships more deeply. This method enhances the performance of the LLM in tasks that require a high level of factual accuracy and deep knowledge.

Knowledge Graphs Instruction-tuning

The purpose of incorporating KGs into an LLM input is to give the model direct access to the relevant knowledge during the training and inference phase. This is done by embedding the KG information (entity, relationship, and attributes) into the text input that the LLM processes. The aim is to allow the model to use the structured knowledge to enhance its performance when performing tasks that require a deep understanding of facts, relationships and context in the real world. By directly incorporating KG information into an LLM's input data, the LLM's understanding of text increases significantly. This helps the LLM to understand entities, concepts and relationships more deeply. This method enhances the performance of the LLM in tasks that require a high level of factual accuracy and deep knowledge.

Knowledge Graph Embedding

KG embedding is the process of converting entities and relationships in a Knowledge Graph (KG) into a continuous, low-dimensional vector space. This embedding captures the semantic and structure information of a KG, making it easier to perform downstream tasks like answering questions, thinking, and making recommendations. Integrating LLMs with a KGE process improves the representation of a KG by using the textual description of entities and relationships. Traditional KGE methods rely on the structure properties of a KG to embed entities or relationships based on how they are connected in the graph. By encoding textual descriptions in the LLMs, entities and relationships are given a richer semantic context, making them more robust for more complex tasks. It also makes it easier to handle unseen entities and relationships by using textual descriptions to fill in the gaps left by the traditional methods.

KG completion

KG completion is the practice of finding the missing information in a KG to improve the completeness and usefulness of the KG. The purpose of KG completion is to anticipate the missing links (links between entities) in the KG or to add new entities and their connections to the KG. Traditional methods of KG completion depend heavily on the structure of the KG using embedding techniques or statistical inference. New methods have been developed by LLMs that take advantage of the huge amount of knowledge that is captured in the parameters of these models to create richer and more complex completion processes. LMLs take advantage of their large knowledge base and context-based insights to outperform traditional methods of KGC completion, providing more nuanced and precise inferences. With their generative capabilities, LLMs offer a scalable and flexible approach to KG completion, which makes it easier to include new entities and connections in the KG. This is essential for updating the KG with the most recent knowledge.

The use of Knowledge Graphs in Language Learning Machines (LLMs) is a growing area of research that is gaining momentum in both academia and industry. Knowledge Graphs complement the generative abilities of LLMs by providing structured, fact-based knowledge that allows for a more nuanced and precise understanding of language.