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Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain technology platform that creates a peer-to-peer network for securely executing and verifying application code known as smart contracts. Smart contracts help participants to negotiate with one another without the need for a trusted central authority.
Transaction records are immutable, verifiable, and securely distributed across the network, providing participants with complete ownership and visibility over transaction data. User-created Ethereum accounts send and receive transactions. As a cost of processing transactions on the network, a sender must sign transactions and spend Ether, Ethereum's native cryptocurrency.
The Merge was completed on September 15th, 2022 06:42:42 UTC at block 15537393, transitioning Ethereum from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS) (PoS). The Ethereum PoS network is used by Amazon Managed Blockchain's Ethereum Mainnet nodes.
The Merge transforms Ethereum's consensus from PoW to PoS by combining the Ethereum Mainnet and the Beacon Chain Proof of Stake system. This upgrade improved Ethereum's sustainability by reducing energy consumption. And it was part of the Ethereum foundation's ongoing upgrades to improve security, scalability, and sustainability, as described here.
Using the native Solidity scripting language and Ethereum Virtual Machine, Ethereum provide an extremely flexible platform for developing decentralised applications. Decentralized application developers who use Ethereum to deploy smart contracts benefit from the rich ecosystem of developer tooling and established best practices that have come with the protocol's maturity.
This maturity extends to the quality of user experience for the average user of Ethereum applications, with wallets such as MetaMask, Argent, Rainbow, and others providing simple interfaces for interacting with the help of the Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts deployed there.
The large user base of Ethereum encourages developers to deploy their applications on the network, further cementing Ethereum as the primary home for decentralised applications such as Defi and NFTs.
The Ethereum 2.0 protocol, which is currently in development, will provide a more scalable network on which to build decentralised applications that require higher transaction throughput in the future.
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